Green and Conventional Synthetic Strategies for Quinoxaline Derivatives: Toward a Sustainable Future

Abdelaziz, Aya A.; Moustafa, Ahmed; Ibrahim, Youssif; Ryad, Noha

doi:10.21608/jpsdm.2025.385447.1033

Green and Conventional Synthetic Strategies for Quinoxaline Derivatives: Toward a Sustainable Future

Document Type : Review Articles.

Authors

¹ Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.

² College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt

10.21608/jpsdm.2025.385447.1033

Abstract

Introduction:
Quinoxaline derivatives are a prominent class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds known for their unique chemical and physical properties. The quinoxaline ring, characterized by two nitrogen atoms at the 1 and 4 positions of a benzene ring, has gained significant attention due to its pharmacological relevance and synthetic versatility. This makes it an essential scaffold in drug design.
Objectives:
The review aims to highlight recent advancements in the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives, focusing specifically on the incorporation of green chemistry principles. The objective is to demonstrate how sustainable approaches can be effectively integrated into quinoxaline synthesis.
Methods:
The study explores various green synthetic strategies, including solvent-free reactions, catalytic processes, and the use of alternative energy sources. Emphasis is placed on the application of green reagents, the reduction of toxic byproducts, and waste minimization.
Results:
Key sustainable methods for synthesizing quinoxaline derivatives were identified and evaluated. These methods have shown potential in improving the environmental profile of synthetic processes without compromising efficiency or yield.
Conclusion:
The integration of green chemistry into quinoxaline synthesis offers a promising path for developing environmentally friendly and efficient synthetic routes. This approach not only addresses sustainability concerns but also enhances the potential application of quinoxaline-based compounds in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries.

Keywords